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The bacteria that chlamydia transmission, the world's most common sexually transmitted disease, seems to be sneakier than once thought, as a new study suggests it frequently exchanges DNA between different strains to form entirely new strains.
Chlaymydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and though its symptoms are often mild, the sexually transmitted disease can cause infertility in women and a discharge from the penis of an infected man. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STD in the world, including in the U.S. where more than 1.3 million cases were reported in 2010. About 100 million cases of Chlamydia are reported each year across the globe.
Scientists know there are two groups of Chlamydia strains, one that seems to infect the eyes and urinary-genital areas, and another set known to spread through the lymphatic system, which is important to the body's immune system. Currently, an epidemic of the lymphatic types is progressing in Europe and North America, particularly in men who have sex with men, the researchers note online today (March 11) in the journal Nature Genetics.
However, little is known about how these different strains evolve and emerge.
"Scientists recently discovered that if two Chlamydia strains co-infect the same person at the same time, they can swap DNA by a process called recombination," lead researcher Dr. Simon Harris, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement.
To find out how widespread this swapping is, Harris and colleagues compared the genome sequences of 53 strains of C. trachomatis, which were isolated from epidemics that occurred between 1959 and 2009; the strains were meant to represent the diversity of Chlamydia seen in clinical settings. Results showed that even when the Chlamydia strains had infected different parts of the body, they could still swap DNA with each other, leading to new strains. [Quiz: Test Your STD Smarts]
Recombination "was originally thought only to affect a few 'hotspots' within the genome," Harris said. "We were very surprised to find recombination is far more widespread than previously thought."
The results have implications for how the STD is diagnosed. Currently, doctors use a test that returns a positive or negative for Chlamydia infections, without any information on the particular strain. That means doctors can't tell, say, if a person who tests positive again after being treated with antibiotics has picked up a second strain of Chlamydia or if their treatment has failed.
While antibiotic-resistant Chlamydia has not been seen in patients, it does occur in the lab. If it did occur in the general population, current tests would not detect it.
"Until now a person treated with antibiotics with a reoccurring infection of C. trachomatis was assumed to have been re-infected," study researcher Dr. Nicholas Thomson, also of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement. "The current gaps in our understanding of the population makeup of Chlamydia limit our ability to implement health policies, because we do not fully understand how Chlamydia spreads within our population."
The scientists are now working with hospitals to bring technologies for whole-genome sequencing into clinical settings.
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introducing The Journey in FIFA 18 or not
Yes, it is to be. Just after a successful debut, The Journey is back for another year. Then, it is Alex Hunter. EA launched the first trailer for the second version of the newest mode of game on 10 June and there was a star-studded affair while characterizing a good number of players, coaches, and pundits. These are speculating, as there is the future of Hunter. Based on the video, it looks like there is the expectation to plan whether Hunter must agree for a transfer ahead of his sophomore season or not. A glimpse of a meeting with Cristiano Ronaldo takes place.
introduction of new leagues in FIFA 18
Gamer can find bad news for those that hope to play in the Chinese Super Leagie on FIFA 18. It is to be incorporated in the game other than its influx of star names over the past couple of years and rumors to the contrary.
the newest summer transfer rumors
It is to wait to see when new leagues are to be appended formally. However, the reports of Kicker indicate that the 3.Liga in German third division is to be appended this year. It is making the similarity of Hansa Rostock and Karlsruher become playable.
releasing of FIFA 18 demo
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The next option to have hands on the game is to be at Gamescom in Cologne between 22 August and 26 August. If there is any failure, the FIFA 18 demo is expected to release on 18 September while permitting gamers an option to play FIFA 18 earlier. It is two weeks before it releases on 29 September. In the meantime, PES 2018 went for the opposite direction as the Open beta was given last month. The risk went with pre-orders through the roof of new football game of Konami and it is slated to be released on 12 September.
FIFA 18 demo is to be released on 15 September and Cristiano Ronaldo is to be the best player. A private beta of EA is to release on 18 August. There are the teams including Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Manchester United. A segment of The Journey: Hunter Returns is to be playable. The members of EA Access are to be able to play the game for ten hours and it is one week prior to releasing FIFA 18. FIFA 18 is only some months away. However, gamer is not to be able to wait until 29 September to have the eager hands of gamer upon the game. If the past years are anything to elapse, the FIFA 18 demo is to come out around September 15 as it is two weeks prior to releasing. Gamers can fifa coins online from futcoin.Com to avail the best available players along with other consumables in the shortest possible time as soon as FIFA 18 becomes made public.
FIFA 17 demo appeared on 13 September with the entire game coming out on 27 September. FIFA 16 went for the identical pattern and the demo came out on 08 September. Similarly, the game was launched on 22. The demo is to appear in Origin, PS Store, and Xbox Live. It is to be characterized. Hence, it must be simple to figure out. There are ten teams being obtainable in the demo including Atletic Madrid, Bayern Munich, Chelsea, Juventus, LA Galaxy, Manchester City, Manchester United, PSG, Real Madrid, and Toronto FC. Based on the FC report of Dream Team, these teams are to be available in preview occasions of EA.
FIFA upon the Switch makes a gamer play his pals upon the move. The arrival of the Nintendo Switch resumes a new fresh beginning for the relationship from the Japanese producer and EA. While talking about it at FIFA 18 event in London, the producer of EA, Sam Rivera assured the gamers again that the Switch edition is more than just a late addition. To buy fifa 18 coins and stay tuned with the newest news on FIFA 18, gamers can keep visiting futcoin.Com.
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